Investigating wind energy with Google Earth

Part two: A decision-making exercise

This page describes how Google Earth can be used to investigate wind energy. It's not a self-contained lesson plan and teachers will need to adapt the activities as necessary. I envisage the activities as being suitable for small groups with access to an individual PC running Google Earth. Students will need the Internet in order to make use of the MAGIC online GIS and a number of other web sites.

Introductory activity:

Taff Ely, an example of a wind farm in South Wales

Get students to make a list of the features that make Taff Ely wind farm a suitable wind energy location. Use the accompanying Google Earth file to visualize the site.

click to download Google Earth file
Exaggerate the vertical scale by turning on the Terrain layer and change the height in Tools / Options / Rendering from the default setting (1) to 2.

Aim of activity:

The aim of the activity is to choose the best location for a wind farm, and then produce an annotated Google Earth placemark.

Here is an example of an annotated placemark:

A great advantage of getting students to create placemarks is the ease with which they can transfer their ideas to a class folder, the contents of which can be used to set up a peer assessment activity, with the class deciding on the best location/placemark description from the various suggestions. I've tried this and it works very well.

The main activity:

Choose a suitable wind energy location using Google Earth.

Here are some suggested locations. Click on the

to open in Google Earth:

Combe Martin, Devon SS5947	Geograph image	View in
Oxenhope, W. Yorkshire SE0134	Geograph image	View in
Knowle Hill, Dorset SY9482	Geograph image	View in
Fullabrook Down* N. Devon SS5340 The placemark includes a ground overlay because the area is not covered by high-resoultion imagery	Geograph image	View in
*Fullabrook Down is currently the subject of a planning enquiry. More info... Thanks to Nick Langmead for suggesting this site. Alternatively, students could be guided to identify their own location within a particular region.

Choosing a site:

I recommend that students create their own site assessment index based on the DTI planning criteria open the DTI web page (click on key issues from the menu) Teachers might provide an assessment index as a extra resource.

The table below shows how students might investigate the sites.

Criteria	How to assess
Wind speed Wind turbines start to work when the wind speed reaches 5m/s. More from Wikipedia article	DTI wind speed database Type in the grid reference of the desired location exactly as described. Don't forget to choose the radio button for the Great Britain region or the search will be unsuccessful. The input dialogue should look like this:
Ornithology There is currently debate about the effect of wind turbines on bird populations More from the DTI	Magic Interactive map From the opening page insert the 4 fig grid reference of each site and use the *Rural Designations Other* map. A good tip is to click on List of Layers and remove the ticks from all the layers apart from Important Bird areas.
Ecology Potential effects during the operation of the turbines are again development specific. However, they do tend to relate more to species on the move rather than to habitats, for example birds More from the DTI	Magic Interactive map From the opening page insert the 4 fig grid reference of each site and use the Rural Designations Statutory You will find many layers that will indicate the ecological importance of the site. These are probably the most useful, once again turn off the unnecessary layers in order to be able to interpret the map properly.: Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (England) Biosphere Reserves (England) Environmentally Sensitive Areas (England) Local Nature Reserves (England) National Nature Reserves (England) National Parks - proposed (England) National Parks (England) Ramsar Sites (England) Registered Common Land (England) Scheduled Monuments (England) Sites of Special Scientific Interest (England) Sites of Special Scientific Interest Units (England) Special Areas of Conservation (England) Special Protection Areas (England)
Noise As with other impacts of wind energy, perception of the noise depends on local features (for example rural or urban area, topography), the number of residents and the distance they are from the site, and the type of community affected (residential, industrial, tourist). More from the DTI	Google Earth Use the Tools to measure distance to nearest dwellings
Shadow flicker The rotating wind turbine blades can cast moving shadows that cause a flickering effect and can affect residents living nearby. More from the DTI	Google Earth Use the Tools to measure distance to nearest dwellings
Highway impacts Access via site roads to individual turbines for construction and maintenance purposes is required on wind farms. More from the DTI	OS Get a Map site Find a detailed map of the sites. It should be easy to identify whether the location is adequately served by roads.
Aeronautical and military impacts Wind turbines can have an impact on aviation activities, typically on radar systems or on low flying. More from the DTI	OS Get a Map site The OS map should reveal the presence of nearby airports or militatary installations.
Landscape and visual impacts Landscape and visual impacts are among the most far-reaching effects of onshore wind farm developments. They are generally of greatest concern to the public, and are frequently the reason why wind farm proposals are opposed. More from the DTI	The images on the Geograph site will be helpful. Students may optionally add 3D models to the location in Google Earth using SketchUp. This would help in determining the likely visual impact. They could also make a photomontage of the site adding some wind turbines as desired.

Identifying wind energy sites using Google Earth

If students are choosing their own locations, the following two files might be useful.
• OS coordinates can be viewed directly in Google Earth thanks to a couple of very useful Network Links from the excellent Nearby.org.uk site
Download the GB grid lines layer which displays the OS grid reference at the center point of the icon.

• I also recommend Nearby Links in order to quickly view the selected location in Google Local Maps

The screenshot below shows the results of activating the two Network Links:

Follow up activity:

Having chosen a site, and justified their choice by annotating a Google Earth placemark, students could produce a report about their chosen location. The visual effect of wind farm development can be shown in two ways; using SketchUp to produce a 3D model of the chosen site, or making a photomontage to illustrate the location with wind turbines:

Using SketchUp to model a wind farm

Should you wish to add 3D models to illustrate the site , the procedure is fairly simple and quick once you have done it once. It would be very easy to teach the procedure, especially if a digital projector is available. A copy of SketchUp is required. There is a very generous free trial period, and free licenses for educators are available on request. Install the Google Earth plug in from the SketchUp site.

Download a SketchUp wind turbine model here.

Method:
Zoom to the required position for the 3D model in Google Earth and take a note of the latitude and longitude coordinates. Open up the wind turbine file in SketchUp, and edit the location information as follows:
Click the Model Info button and Location in the sub-menu. Click Custom location and add the correct coordinates. (Note that the position format is slightly different from Google Earth in SketchUp, so remove any negative symbols and replace them with the correct suffix i.e. N/S W/E) Click here for a screenshot
Click to enlarge
Export the file as a 3D model and the resulting .kmz file should open in Google Earth. Make sure you have installed the Google Earth plugin mentioned above.
Once the .kmz file has opened in Google Earth you will need to edit the height setting so that the model displays properly. Do this by right clicking the file and choosing Edit. Under the Style tab, click Share Style and then go to the Location tab and change "Absolute" to "Relative to Ground"

Making a photomontage of the selected site

Alternatively, it would be a satisfying exercise for students to produce a photomontage to show how the proposed wind farm would affect the landscape. For example:

The photomontage may be easily created in PhotoShop Elements or a similar picture editing package. Download a Photoshop image (source) with pre-selected wind turbine. This can easily be added as a new layer to an existing photograph and scaled to suit the surroundings.

Plenary

A good plenary activity might be to summarize the pros and cons of the wind energy debate. The British Wind Energy Association conducted research which, rather unsurprisingly, found that local people are broadly in favour of Taff Ely wind farm. There are a great many articles expressing the anti-wind movement here, and for a more positive view of wind energy, the Yes2Wind site provides a good starting point.

Links

The DTI has a detailed resource about renewable energy planning and policy, with a teacher's section and a good set of links

Taff Ely wind farm (npower renewables)

Interactive map of UK wind farms (BWEA)

Wind energy (E.ON)

Wind Power (Wikipedia article

Geograph (photographs of the UK arranged by 1km grid square)

Devon Wind Power (Fullabrook Down)

Camapign against Wind Turbines in North Devon (Fullabrook Down)

Magic Interactive map (Online GIS - a collaborative project between government organizations)

Google Earth (Download site)

Get a Map (OS maps online)

Nearby.org.uk (Useful Google Earth tools)

SketchUp (web site for the 3D software)

Finally, if you haven't got time for all this Google Earth stuff, then the Ordnance Survey have a good wind power location activity as part of the GIS Missions at the MapZone web site.

FEEDBACK:
Discuss the activity at Digital Geography

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